Content
Part I : WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING
1 : INTRODUCTION
2 : QUANTITY OF WATER
3 : SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
4 : PUMPS FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
5 : QUALITY OF WATER
6 : Treatment of water (Screens, pre-Sedimentation and SEDIMENTATION TANKS)
7 : COAGULATION OF WATER
8 : FILTRATION OF WATER
9 : DISINFECTION OF WATER
10 : WATER SOFTENING
11 : MISCELLANEOUS METHODS OF WATER TREATMENT
12 : collection and CONVEYANCE OF WATER
13 : DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF WATER
14 : PIPE APPURTENANCES
15 : WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND WATER MANAGEMENT
16 : RADIOACTIVITY AND WATER SUPPLIES
Part II : SANITARY ENGINEERING
17 : SANITARY ENGINEERING – AN INTRODUCTION
18 : COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF REFUSE (Waste water)
19 : Waste water
20 : QUANTITY OF SEWAGE
21 : CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS
22 : DESIGN OF SEWERS
23 : SEWER APPURTENANCES
24 : Sewage PUMPS
25 : HOUSE DRAINAGE
26 : QUALITY OF SEWAGE
27 : NATURAL METHODS OF SEWAGE Disposal
28 : PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
29 : FILTRATION OF SEWAGE (Secondary treatment)
30 : ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
31 : SLUDGE treatment and DISPOSAL
32 : MISCELLANEOUS METHODS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
33 : MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS of sanitary Engineering
Part III : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
34 : ENVIRONMENTAL
35 : ecology and ecosystem
36 : AIR POLLUTION
37 : NOISE POLLUTION
38 : Natural resources and population
39 : MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS of environmental engineering
40 : environmental legislation
Appendix A : TYPICAL DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT Plant
Appendix B : TERMINOLOGY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
Details Content
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PART I : WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1-1. General
1-2. Need to protect water supplies
1-3. Water supply schemes
1-4. Project drawings
1-5. Report of water supply scheme/project
1-6. Importance of water supply project
1-7. Layout of water supply project
QUESTIONS 1
Chapter 2 QUANTITY OF WATER
2-1. Data to be collected
2-2. Rate of demand
2-3. Factors affecting rate of demand
2-4. Measurement of water
2-5. Variations in rate of demand
2-6. Effects of variations on design
2-7. Water requirements for buildings other than residences
2-8. Design period
2-9. Summary
QUESTIONS 2
Chapter 3 SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
3-1. General
3-2. Surface runoff
3-3. Precipitation
3-4. Measurement of rainfall
3-5. Rainfall
3-6. Choice of source of water supply scheme
3-7. Types of sources for water supply schemes
3-8. Surface sources for water supply schemes
3-9. Salient features of reservoir design
3-10. Underground sources for water supply schemes
3-11. Forms of underground sources
3-12. Classification of wells
3-13. Types of well construction
3-14. Yield of a well
3-15. Specific capacity of a well
3-16. Tests for yield of a well
3-17. Spacing of wells
3-18. Sanitary protection of wells
3-19. Summary
3-20. Typical problems
QUESTIONS 3
Chapter 4 PUMPS FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
4-1. Necessity of pumps
4-2. Choice of type of pumps
4-3. Types of pumps
4-4. Power for pumps
4-5. Design of pumps
4-6. Rising main
4-7. Typical Problems
QUESTIONS 4
Chapter 5 QUALITY OF WATER
5-1. Meaning of pure water
5-2. Reasons for the analysis of water
5-3. Impurities in water
5-4. Analysis of water
5-5. Physical tests
5-6. Chemical tests
5-7. Bacteriological tests
5-8. Maintenance of purity of waters
5-9. Water-borne diseases
5-10. Suitability of water for trade purposes:
5-11. Water for swimming pools
5-12. Drinking water standards
QUESTIONS 5
Chapter 6 TREATMENT OF WATER (SCREENS, PRESEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTATION TANKS)
6-1. General
6-2. Screens
6-3. Pre-sedimentation
6-4. Sedimentation tanks
6-4-1. Purpose and location
6-4-2. Theory of sedimentation
6-4-3. Types of sedimentation tanks
6-4-4. Design aspects of continuous
QUESTIONS 6
Chapter 7 COAGULATION OF WATER
7-1. Purpose
7-2. Principle of coagulation
7-3. Flocculation
7-4. Usual coagulants
7-5. Feeding the coagulants
7-6. Mixing devices
7-7. Jar test
QUESTIONS 7
Chapter 8 FILTRATION OF WATER
8-2. Theory of filtration
8-3. Filter sand
8-4. Classification of filters
8-4-1. Slow sand filters
8-4-2. Gravity type rapid sand filters
8-4-3. Pressure type rapid sand filters
8-5. Comparison between slow sand filters and gravity type rapid
sand filters
8-6. Double filtration
QUESTIONS 8
Chapter 9 DISINFECTION OF WATER
9-1. Necessity for disinfection of water
9-2. Theory of disinfection
9-3. Minor methods of disinfection
9-4. Uses of ULTRA VIOLET–UV system
9-5. Chlorination
9-6. Properties of chlorine
9-7. Action of chlorine
9-8. Application of chlorine
9-9. Forms of chlorination
9-10. Tests for chlorine
9-11. Chlorine dioxide
Questions 9
Chapter 10 WATER SOFTENING
10-1. Purpose of water softening
10-2. Types of hardness
10-3. Removal of temporary hardness
10-4. Removal of permanent hardness
10-5. Lime-soda process
10-6. Zeolite process
10-7. Demineralisation process
10-8. Reverse osmosis
QUESTIONS 10
Chapter 11 MISCELLANEOUS METHODS OF WATER
TREATMENT
11-1. General
11-2. Colour, odour and taste removal
11-3. Iron and manganese removal
11-4. Fluoridation
QUESTIONS 11
Chapter 12 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF WATER
12-1. Meaning
COLLECTION OF WATER
12-2. Intakes
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12-3. Design of intakes
12-4. Design procedure for intakes
12-5. Types of intakes
12-6. Intake towers
CONVEYANCE OF WATER
12-7. Conveyance of water
12-8. Pipes
12-9. Types of Pipes according to material used
12-10. Pipe corrosion
12-11. Effects of pipe corrosion
12-12. Theories of pipe corrosion
12-13. Prevention of pipe corrosion
12-14. Laying of water supply pipes
12-15. Hydrostatic testing of pipes
QUESTIONS 12
Chapter 13 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF WATER
13-1. General considerations
13-2. Methods of distribution of water
13-3. Service reservoirs
13-4. Systems of supply of water
13-5. Methods of layout of distribution pipes
13-6. Wastage of water
13-7. Water waste surveys
13-8. Permissible wastage of water
13-9. Preventive measures
13-10. Water waste tests
13-11. Maintenance of distribution system
QUESTIONS 13
Chapter 14 PIPE APPURTENANCES
14-1. Necessity
14-2. Air valves
14-3. Bib cocks
14-4. Fire hydrants
14-5. Reflux valves
14-6. Relief valves
14-7. Sluice valves
14-8. Scour valves
14-9. Stop cocks
14-10. Water meters
QUESTIONS 14
Chapter 15 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND WATER
MANAGEMENT
15-1. Meaning of the term
15-2. Sources of water pollution
15-3. Types of water pollution
15-4. Preventive measures
15-5. Conclusion
15-6. Water management
15-7. Measures for re-shaping local water balance
15-8. Use and conservation of water resources
QUESTIONS 15
Chapter 16 RADIOACTIVITY AND WATER SUPPLIES
16-1. Radioactivity
16-2. Effects of radiation
16-3. Radioactive sources
16-4. Disposal of radioactive wastes
16-5. Radioactivity of water
16-6. Measurement of radioactivity
16-7. Effect of treatments on water
16-8. Recommended methods
16-9. Conclusion
QUESTIONS 16
PART II : SANITARY ENGINEERING
Chapter 17 SANITARY ENGINEERING – AN INTRODUCTION
17-1. General
17-2. Purpose of sanitation
17-3. Principles of sanitation
17-4. Sanitary projects
17-5. Sanitary project drawings
17-6. Report for sanitary project
17-7. Site for sewage treatment works
17-8. Design aspects for sewage treatment plant 298
17-9. Some definitions
QUESTIONS 17
Chapter 18 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF REFUSE
(WASTE WATER)
18-1. General
18-2. Methods of carrying refuse
18-3. Systems of sewerage
18-4. Favourable Conditions for sewerage
18-5. Patterns of refuse collection
QUESTIONS 18
Chapter 19 WASTE WATER
19-1. General
19-2. Standards for disposal of waste water
19-3. Waste water treatment
19-4. Primary waste water treatment
19-5. Secondary waste water treatment
19-5-1. Biological treatment units
19-5-2. Secondary clarifier
19-5-3. Sludge digester
19-5-4. Sludge drying beds
19-6. Oxidation ponds
19-7. Tertiary waste water treatment
19-8. Disposal of waste water
19-9. Reuses of waste water
QUESTIONS 19
Chapter 20 QUANTITY OF SEWAGE
20-1. General
20-2. Dry weather flow
20-3. Storm water
QUESTIONS 20
Chapter 21 CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS
21-1. General
21-2. Materials for sewers
21-3. Materials used for sewers
21-4. Shapes of sewers
21-5. Joints in sewers
21-6. Laying and testing of sewers
21-7. Ventilation of sewers
21-8. Methods of ventilation of sewers
21-9. Cleaning and maintenance of sewers
21-10. Surface drains
QUESTIONS 21
Chapter 22 DESIGN OF SEWERS
22-1. General approach
22-2. Minimum and maximum velocities (Self-cleansing and nonscouring velocities)
22-3. Hydraulic formulas for design of sewers
22-4. Sizes of sewers
22-5. Time of concentration
22-6. Design procedure
22-7. Variation in flow and velocities
22-8. Typical Problems of design of sewers
QUESTIONS 22
Chapter 23 SEWER APPURTENANCES
23-1. Meaning of the term
23-2. Catch basins or catch pits
23-3. Clean-outs
23-4. Drop manholes
23-5. Flushing tanks
23-6. Grease and oil traps
23-7. Inlets
23-8. Inverted siphons
23-9. Lampholes
23-10. Manholes
23-11. Storm water regulators
QUESTIONS 23
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Chapter 24 SEWAGE PUMPS
24-1. Necessity of pumps
24-2. Pumping of sewage
24-3. Pumping stations
24-4. Requirements of a pumping station
24-5. Types of sewage pumps
24-6. Power for pumps
24-7 Horse-power of pumps
QUESTIONS 24
Chapter 25 HOUSE DRAINAGE
25-1. Meaning of the term
25-2. Principles of house drainage
25-3. Traps
25-4. Some definitions
25-5. Sanitary fittings
25-6. Systems of plumbing
25-7. Drainage plans of buildings
25-8. Testing of drains and pipes
25-9. Maintenance of house drainage system
QUESTIONS 25
Chapter 26 QUALITY OF SEWAGE
26-1. General
26-2. Properties of sewage
26-2-1. Physical properties
26-2-2. Chemical properties
26-2-3. Biological properties
26-3. Cycles of decomposition
26-4. Analysis of sewage
26-5. Physical tests
26-6. Chemical tests
26-6-1. Chlorine
26-6-2. Fats, greases and oils
26-6-3. Nitrogen
26-6-4. Oxygen
26-6-5. pH value
26-6-6. Total solids
26-7. Bacteriological tests
26-8 Relative stability
26-9. Population equivalent
QUESTIONS 26
Chapter 27 NATURAL METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
27-1. General
27-2. Disposal by dilution
27-3. Self-purification of natural waters
27-4. Disposal by land treatment
27-5. Sewage sickness
QUESTIONS 27
Chapter 28 PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
28-1. General
28-2. Screens
28-3. Grit chambers
28-4. Detritus tanks
28-5. Skimming tanks
28-6. Plain sedimentation tanks
28-7. Primary clarifiers
28-8. Secondary clarifiers
28-9. Coagulation of sewage
QUESTIONS 28
Chapter 29 FILTRATION OF SEWAGE (SECONDARY
TREATMENT)
29-1. Secondary treatment
29-2. Filters
29-3. Contact beds
29-4. Intermittent sand filters
29-5. Trickling filters
29-5-1. Standard rate trickling filters
29-5-2. High rate or high capacity trickling filters
29-6. Miscellaneous filters
QUESTIONS 29
Chapter 30 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
30-1. Meaning of the term
30-2. Action of activated sludge
30-3. Flow diagram
30-4. Methods of aeration
30-5. Diffused air aeration
30-6. Mechanical aeration
30-7. Combination of diffused air aeration and mechanical aeration
30-8. Sludge bulking
30-9. Accumulation of volatile suspended solids
30-10. Sludge volume index
30-11. Sludge density index
30-12. Step aeration
30-13. Tapered aeration
30-14. Extended aeration
30-15. Contact stabilization
30-16. Complete mix process
30-17. Oxidation ditch
30-18. Advantages of activated sludge process
30-19. Disadvantages of activated sludge process
30-20. Activated sludge process versus trickling filters
QUESTIONS 30
Chapter 31 SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
31-1. Necessity
31-2. Quantity of sludge
31-3. Sludge treatment
31-3-1. Sludge thickening
31-3-2. Sludge digestion
31-3-3. Sludge conditioning
31-3-4. Sludge dewatering
31-3-5. Sludge disposal
31-4. Sludge gas
31-5. Sludge digestion tanks
31-6. Capacity of sludge digestion tank
31-7. Standard rate digestion
31-8. High rate digestion
31-9. Two-stage digestion
QUESTIONS 31
Chapter 32 MISCELLANEOUS METHODS OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT
32-1. General
32-2. Cesspools
32-3. Chlorination of sewage
32-4. Imhoff tanks
32-5. Oxidation ponds
32-6. Septic tanks
32-7. Treatment of industrial wastes
32-8. Wastes from fertiliser factories
QUESTIONS 32
Chapter 33 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS OF SANITARY
ENGINEERING
33-1. General
33-2. Bio-gas
33-3. Elutriation
33-4. Garbage collection and removal
33-5. Garbage disposal
33-6. Micro-organisms
33-7. Types of metabolism
33-8. Divisions of micro-organisms
33-9. Night soil disposal without water carriage
33-10. Rural sanitation
33-11. Rotating biocontactor (RBC)
QUESTIONS 33
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PART III : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Chapter 34 ENVIRONMENT
34-1. Definition
34-2. Components of environment
34-3. Man-environment relationship
34-4. Impact of technology on the environment
34-5. Environmental degradation
34-6. Principle of payment by polluter
34-7. Biological amplification
34-8. Environmental health hazard
34-9. Incipient lethal level
34-10. Monitoring programme
34-11. World environment day (WED)
34-12 environmental impact assessment (EIA)
34-13. Sustainable development
34-14. Environmental ethics
34-15. Code of ethics
34-16. Some terms
QUESTIONS 34
Chapter 35 ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM
35-1. Introduction
35-2. Ecosystem
35-3. Classification of ecosystem
35-3-1. Artificial ecosystems
35-3-2. Natural ecosystems
35-4. Aspects of ecosystem
35-5. Components of ecosystem
35-6. Energy flow in ecosystem
35-7. Food chains and food webs
35-8. Ecological or eltonian pyramid
35-9. Endangered species
35-10. Biogeochemical cycles
35-11. Acclimatization
QUESTIONS 35
Chapter 36 AIR POLLUTION
36-1. General
36-2. Air pollution
36-3. Importance of air pollution
36-4. Composition of air
36-5. Necessity of ventilation
36-6. Quantity of air required
36-7. Aerosols
36-8. Smoke and fog
36-9. Dust, gas and vapour
36-10. Coning and fanning
36-11. Acid soot
36-12. Downwash
36-13. Green-house effect
36-14. Ozone layer
36-15. Consequences of green-house effect and ozone layer
36-16. Sources of air pollution
36-17. Air pollutants
36-18. Urban air pollution
36-19. Self-cleansing of atmosphere
36-20. Effects of air pollution
36-21. Acid rains
36-22. Control of air pollution
36-23. Some tragic incidences
QUESTIONS 36
Chapter 37 NOISE POLLUTION
37-1. General
37-2. Effects of noise
37-3. Threshold of hearing
37-4. Measurement of sound
37-5. Acoustic reflex
37-6. Acceptable noise levels
37-7. Types of noises
37-8. Control of noise pollution
37-9. Air pollution and noise pollution
QUESTIONS 36
Chapter 38 NATURAL RESOURCES AND POPULATION
38-1. Natural resources
38-2. Exploitation of natural resources
38-3. Major natural resources
38-3-1. Agricultural resources
38-3-2. Animal resources
38-3-3. Food resources
38-3-4. Forest resources
38-3-5. Land resources
38-3-6. Marine resources
38-3-7. Mineral resources
38-3-8. Soil resources
38-3-9. Wild life resources
38-3-10.Water resources
38-3-11.Energy resources
38-4. Renewable or non-conventional energy resources
38-4-1. Sun energy
38-4-2. Wind energy
38-4-3. Bio-energy
38-4-4. Geothermal energy
38-4-5. Oceanic energy
38-4-6. Tidal energy
38-4-7. Chemical energy
38-4-8. Hydrogen energy
38-4-9. Hydro energy
38-5. Conservation of natural resources
38-6. Population
38-7. Theories of population
38-8. Methods of population forecasts
38-9. Factors affecting estimated population
38-10. Population explosion
38-11. Population growth rate
QUESTIONS 38
Chapter 39 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING<?
39-1. General
39-2. Bioremediation
39-3. Biodiversity
39-4. Gross domestic product and quality of life
39-5. Cadium poisoning
39-6. Mercury poisoning
39-7. Trace metal poisoning
39-8. Eutrophication (water pollution)
39-9. Land pollution
39-10. Oil pollution
39-11. Thermal pollution and cooling tower
39-12. Half-life (radioactive pollution)
39-13. Fertilizers
39-14. Pesticides
39-15. Tragedy of commons
QUESTIONS 39
Chapter 40 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
40-1. General
40-2. Prevalent environmental acts
40-3. Pollution Control Policy
40-4. Forests and Environment Department
40-5. Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB)
40-6. Gujarat Environmental Management Institute (GEMI)
40-7. Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC)
40-8. Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE)
QUESTIONS 40
Appendix A TYPICAL DESIGN OF A SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT
Appendix B TERMINOLOGY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Index
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