Chapter 1 CORBELS – BRACKETS AND SHEAR CONNECTORS

1-1 General
1-2 Brackets or Corbels
1-2-1 Flexure
1-2-2 Bearing
1-2-3 Diagonal Tension
1-2-4 Splitting
1-2-5 Horizontal Movement
1-3 Detailing of Corbel
1-4 Shear Friction
1-5 American Method of Design
1-6 Anchorage of Tensile Reinforcement
1-7 Shear Connectors
1-8 Example 1-1

Chapter 2 GRID SYSTEMS

2-1 General
2-2 Types of Grids
2-3 Load Distribution in Grid Beams
2-3-1 Grid – Three × Three Panels
2-3-2 Grid – Five × Five Panels
2-4 Rankine-Grashoff Approximate Analysis Method
2-5 Plate Theory Analysis Method
2-6 Flexibility and Stiffness Methods
2-6-1 Flexibility Method
2-6-2 Stiffness Method
2-7 Stiffness Method of Structural Analysis
2-8 Finite Element Method (FEM)
2-9 Conclusion
2-10 Example 2-1

Chapter 3 PORTAL FRAMES

3-1 Introduction
3-2 Portal Frames
3-2-1 Behaviour
3-2-2 Types / Forms of Portal Frames
3-2-3 Design Considerations
3-2-4 Why Select Portal Frame as the Form of Structure?
3-3 Approximate Analysis for Lateral Loads
3-4 Hinges – RC Portal Frames
3-5 Portal Frames in Steel
3-5-1 Analysis of Steel Portal Frames
3-5-2 Rigid Frame Knees (or Haunches)
3-5-3 Summary
3-5-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Open-Web Portal Frames
3-6 A Case Study
3-7 Photographs
3-8 Examples
3-8-1 Example 3-1
3-8-2 Example 3-2
Annex A3 SHED FOR STORAGE OF LIGNITE – A CASE STUDY
A3-1 General
A3-2 Stockpile Capacities
A3-3 Need for Covering Stockpiles
A3-4 Dimensions, Analysis and Design
A3-4-1Dimensions
A3-4-2Geometry – Inner Dimensions
A3-4-3Design Loads
A3-4-4Analysis
A3-4-5Design
A3-4-6Foundations
A3-4-7Structural Steel Quantities
A3-5 Erection of Portal Frames
A3-6 Additional Features
A3-7 Figures

Chapter 4 VIERENDEEL FRAME / TRUSS / GIRDER

4-1 Introduction
4-2 Choice of Trusses or Rolled Sections
4-2-1 Use of Trusses in Buildings
4-2-2 Types of Trusses
4-2-2-1Fink Truss
4-2-2-2Howe Truss
4-2-2-3Pratt Truss
4-2-2-4Warren Truss
4-2-2-5North Light Truss / Saw-Tooth Truss
4-3 Vierendeel Trusses or Frames
4-4 Analysis
4-5 Connections
4-6 Why a Vierendeel?
4-7 Cases of Vierendeel Application by Author
4-7-1 Photograph 4-1
4-7-2 Photograph 4-2
4-7-3 Photograph 4-3
4-8 Example 4-1

Chapter 5 STAIRS AND RAMPS

5-1 General
5-2 Forms of Stairs
5-2-1 Stair Spanning along the Flight – with Waist Slab
5-2-2 Stair Spanning along the Flight – with Beams at Ends of Flights
5-2-3 Stair with One Stringer Beam
5-2-4 Stair with Two Stringer Beams
5-2-5 Stair with Three Flights and Open Stair Well
5-2-6 Stand Alone Stairs
5-2-7 Stair on RC Pin
5-2-8 Spiral Stair
5-2-9 Trussed Stair
5-2-10 Slabless Tread-Riser Stair
5-2-10-1Stiffness and Carry-over Factors
5-2-11 Helical Stairs
5-3 Ramp for Wheelchair Access
5-4 Cases of Stairs and Ramp by Author
5-4-1 Photograph 5-1
5-4-2 Photograph 5-2
5-4-3 Photograph 5-3
5-4-4 Photographs 5-4 and 5-5
5-5 Example 5-1

Chapter 6 FOOTINGS – FOUNDATIONS

6-1 Foundations
6-1-1 Distribution of Pressure
6-1-2 Bearing Capacity
6-1-3 Settlement
6-1-4 Uplift
6-1-5 Foundation Types
6-1-6 Piers and Caissons
6-2 Footings
6-2-1 Individual Footings
6-2-2 Bearing Capacity – Bearing Pressures and Settlement
6-2-3 Strip Footings
6-2-4 Isolated Spread Footings
6-2-5 Combined Footings
6-2-6 Split Footings
6-3 Raft Foundations
6-3-1 Types of Rafts
6-3-2 Stability and Settlement of Raft Foundations
6-3-3 Design of Rafts
6-3-3-1Rigid Method
6-3-3-2Elastic Plate Method
6-3-3-3Finite Difference Method
6-3-3-4Finite Element Method
6-3-3-5General
6-4 Example 6-1

Chapter 7 RETAINING WALLS

7-1 Introduction
7-2 Forces Acting on Earth Retaining Wall
7-3 Stability Considerations
7-4 Earth Pressures
7-4-1 Earth Pressure Equations of Common Use
7-4-2 Earth Pressure Coefficients
7-4-3 Cohesive Soils
7-4-4 Passive Earth Pressures
7-5 Drainage and Weep Holes
7-6 Hydraulic Pressure
7-7 Selection of Type of the Wall
7-8 Gravity Walls
7-9 Reinforced Concrete Walls
7-9-1 Types of Reinforced Concrete Walls
7-9-2 Pressure on Reinforced Concrete Walls
7-9-3 Stability of Retaining Walls
7-9-4 Base Width
7-9-5 T-Shaped Retaining Walls
7-9-6 Counterfort Type Retaining Walls
7-9-7 Anchored Retaining Walls
7-9-8 Anchorages (or Deadman)
7-10 Example 7-1

Chapter 8 TIEBACKS AND ANCHORS

8-1 Introduction
8-2 Tiebacks
8-3 Anchors with Normal Pressure Grouts
8-4 High Pressure Grouts
8-5 Anchors with High Pressure Grouts
8-5-1 Load Capacity of Anchors
8-6 Tendons
8-6-1 Factor of Safety
8-6-2 Testing
8-7 Creep and Cyclic Loading
8-8 Corrosion Protection
8-9 Uplift

Chapter 9 SHEAR WALLS – AN INTRODUCTION

9-1 General
9-1-1 Advent of High Rise Buildings
9-1-2 High Strength Materials
9-1-3 New Design Concepts
9-1-4 New Structural Systems
9-1-5 Improved Construction Methods
9-2 Wind – Earthquakes – Serviceability
9-2-1 Wind Forces
9-2-2 Earthquake Effects
9-2-3 Wind and Earthquake
9-2-4 Serviceability Criteria
9-3 Buildings with Shear Walls
9-4 Coupled Shear Wall Structures
9-5 Frame – Shear Wall Structures
9-6 Analysis – Continuum Approach
9-7 Analysis for Lateral Loads
9-8 Proportioning of Shear Walls
9-9 Applications

Chapter 10 CULVERTS

10-1 General
10-2 Loading
10-3 Culverts with Slab-Beam Deck
10-4 Effective Width Method
10-5 Slabs Supported on Four Edges – Pigeaud’s Coefficients
10-6 Westergaard’s Method
10-7 Shear Force
10-8 Load Distribution in Beams

10-9 Method of Distribution Coefficients
10-9-1 Longitudinal Moments
10-9-2 Transverse Moments
10-10 Box Culvert
10-10-1 Loads on Box Culvert
10-11 Example 10-1

Chapter 11 UNDERGROUND WATER TANKS (ALSO WATER
TREATMENT & WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT STRUCTURES AND RC PIPES)

11-1 General
11-2 Water Tightness
11-3 Concrete Quality and Curing
11-4 Joint Details and Placement
11-4-1 Construction Joint
11-4-2 Contraction Joint
11-4-3 Expansion Joint
11-4-4 Reinforcing for Shrinkage
11-5 Design Parameters / Design Considerations
11-5-1 Loads
11-5-2 Foundations
11-5-3 Structural Design Parameters
11-6 Design of Circular Tanks
11-6-1 Edge Conditions
11-6-2 Side Walls – Shrinkage and Tension
11-7 Design of Rectangular Tanks
11-7-1 Loads and Analysis of Walls
11-7-2 Loadings and Analysis of Floors and Roofs
11-7-3 Foundations
11-8 Some Underground Water Tanks – Constructed / Actual
11-9 Large Water Reservoirs
11-10 Water Treatment Plant and Waste Water Treatment Plant
11-10-1 Water Treatment Plant
11-10-2 Waste Water Treatment Plant
11-11 Appurtenant Structures
11-11-1 Control Structures
11-11-2 Pumping Stations
11-11-3 Vibrations
11-11-4 Corrosion Protection
11-11-4-1Chlorination
11-11-4-2Coatings
11-12 Reinforced Concrete (R.C.) Pipes
11-12-1 Stresses in Pipe – Own Weight
11-12-2 Stresses in Pipe – Water Inside
11-12-3 Stresses in Pipe – Earth Fill over Haunches
11-12-4 Stresses in Pipe – Uniformly Distributed Load on Top
11-12-5 Stresses in Pipe – Uniform Pressure from Sides
11-12-6 Stresses in Pipe – Varying Pressure from Sides
11-12-7 Stresses in Pipe – Point Load at Crown
11-12-8 Pipes Supported on Quarter Circumference
11-12-9 Stresses in Pipes – Summary
11-12-10 Reinforcement and Pipe Thickness
11-13 Examples
11-13-1 Example 11-1
11-13-2 Example 11-2

Chapter 12 OVERHEAD WATER TANKS

12-1 General
12-2 Components in Overhead Tanks
12-2-1 Container
12-2-2 Supporting Systems
12-2-3 Foundations
12-3 Container
12-4 Circular Tanks
12-4-1 Case 1 – Tank Open at Top and Monolithic / Rigid at Base
12-4-2 Case 2 – Tank Wall Monolithic with Base and Roof

12-4-3 Case 3 – Tank Wall Monolithic with Domical or Conical
Base and Roof
12-4-4 Reissener’s Approximate Method
12-4-5 Flat Bottoms of Circular Tanks
12-5 Behaviour of Container Elements
12-5-1 Membrane Analysis
12-5-1-1 Top Dome
12-5-1-2 Ring Beam AA
12-5-1-3 Tank Wall
12-5-1-4 Ring Beam CC and Conical Shell
12-5-1-5 Bottom Dome and Ring Beam BB
12-5-2 Secondary Analysis
12-5-3 Summary
12-5-4 Author’s Observations
12-6 Rectangular Tanks
12-6-1 Walls
12-6-2 Bottom Slab and Roof
12-7 Supporting Systems for Tanks – Columns
12-7-1 Loads on Columns
12-7-2 Bending Moments in Columns
12-7-3 Axial Forces due to Wind
12-8 Supporting System for Tanks – Columns with Bracings
12-8-1 Analysis of Bracings
12-9 Supporting System for Tanks – Shaft
12-10 Foundations
12-11 Some Overhead Water Tanks – Constructed / Actual
12-12 Architectural Drawings
12-13 Overhead Water Tanks – Some Possible Designs
12-14 Example 12-1
12-14-1 Container Conical Bottom
12-14-1-1Hoop Tension
12-14-1-2Container Bottom – Compression
12-14-2 Ring Beam at Bottom of the Conical Bottom
12-14-3 Calculation of Wind Loads and Estimation of Vertical Loads
12-14-3-1Wind Loads
12-14-3-2Vertical Loads
12-14-4 Calculation of Loads due to Earthquake
12-14-5 Supporting Shaft
12-14-5-1Section Properties of Shaft
12-14-5-2Checking Stresses in the Shaft
12-14-6 Foundation Raft
12-14-6-1Determining the Size
12-14-6-2Raft Analysis

Annex A12 PROPERTIES OF SHELLS OF REVOLUTION

A12-1 General
A12-2 Cylindrical Shell
A12-3 Conical Shell
A12-4 Spherical Dome

Chapter 13 SWIMMING POOLS

13-1 General
13-2 Appurtenant / Ancillary Facilities
13-2-1 Lockers
13-2-2 Showers
13-2-3 Strainers – Skimmers
13-2-4 Automated Pool Cleaners
13-2-5 Water Pumps
13-2-6 Safety Features
13-3 Dimensions
13-4 Other Features
13-5 Walls and Floors
13-6 Diving Platforms
13-7 Architectural and Structural Drawings
13-8 Examples
13-8-1 Example 13-1
13-8-2 Example 13-2

Annex A13 HYGIENE, SANITATION AND FILTRATION IN
SWIMMING POOLS

A13-1 Hygiene – Contaminants and Disease
A13-1-1 Sanitation Methods
A13-1-2 Prevention of Diseases in Swimming Pools
A13-1-3 Disinfection Methods
A13-1-3-1Chlorine and Bromine Methods
A13-1-3-2Copper Ion System
A13-1-3-3 Other Systems
A13-2 Filtration Units / Media
A13-2-1 Sand
A13-2-2 Diatomaceous Earth
A13-2-3 Cartridge Filters
A13-3 Water Pumps and Consecutive Dilution

Chapter 14 SILOS, BUNKERS AND HOPPERS

14-1 Bins – Silos and Bunkers
14-2 Design Parameters – Material Properties
14-3 Loadings
14-3-1 Bin Loads – IS:4995
14-4 Airy’s Theory
14-4-1 Shallow Bins or Bunkers
14-4-2 Deep Bins or Silos
14-5 Janssen’s Theory
14-6 Sloping Bottom – Cylindrical Silos
14-6-1 Ring Beam
14-6-2 Secondary Stresses
14-7 Rectangular Bunkers
14-7-1 Rectangular Bunkers with High Side Walls
14-7-2 Battery of Bunkers with High Side Walls
14-7-3 Battery of Bunkers with Low Side Walls
14-7-4 Rectangular Bunkers with Sloping Bottom
14-8 Discussion – Maximum Pressures, Flow and Safety
14-8-1 Maximum Pressures in Silos
14-8-1-1 Pressure Reducing Devices
14-8-2 Modes of Flow in Bins and Silos of Symmetrical Geometry
14-8-3 Safety
14-9 Minimum Thickness of Bin Walls
14-10 Large Storage in Bulk
14-11 Pyramidal Hopper Bottoms
14-11-1 Pressure Normal to Slab / Plate
14-11-2 Bending Moments and Direct Forces
14-11-3 Horizontal Reinforcement
14-11-4 Transverse Reinforcement
14-11-5 Vertical Reinforcement
14-12 Examples
14-12-1 Example 14
14-12-2 Example 14

Chapter 15 PARKING SHED STRUCTURES

15-1 General
15-2 Parking Sheds
15-2-1 Space Requirement
15-3 Some Parking Sheds – Constructed / Actual
15-4 Parking Sheds – Some Possible Designs
15-5 Parking Structures
15-5-1 Structural Aspects
15-5-2 Automated and Automatic Parking
15-5-3 Modular Car Parking
15-6 Example 15

Chapter 16 CHIMNEYS

16-1 General
16-2 Proportioning
16-2-1 Height
16-2-2 Diameter
16-2-3 Thickness
16-3 Chimney Lining / Liners

16-4 Design Factors
16-5 Wind Loading
16-5-1 Radial Pressure
16-5-2 Lateral Swaying and Ovalling
16-5-2-1 Lateral Swaying
16-5-2-2 Ovalling of Circular Section
16-6 Earthquake Loading
16-6-1 Period
16-6-2 Base Shear
16-6-3 Shear Distribution
16-6-4 Earthquake Bending Moments
16-7 Temperature
16-8 Stresses in Chimney Shell
16-8-1 Due to Self-Weight and Wind
16-8-2 Due to Temperature
16-8-3 Effect of only Temperature
16-8-3-1 Effect of Temperature in Compression Zone
16-8-3-2 Effect of Temperature in Tension Zone
16-8-4 Horizontal Stresses
16-9 Opening in Chimney Shell
16-10 Foundations
16-11 Appurtenant Features
16-12 Steel Chimneys
16-13 Case Study
16-14 Example 16

Annex A16 4TH OPENING FOR FLUE IN EXISTING R.C.C.
CHIMNEY

A16-1 The Scheme
A16-2 Study and Decision
A16-3 Execution Aids
A16-3-1 List of Activities
A16-3-2 Notes for Cutting and Removing Concrete Block (from
Existing RCC Chimney)
A16-3-3 Sequence of Activities for Civil Works
A16-4 Execution
A16-5 Drawings and Photographs

Chapter 17 MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

17-1 Introduction
17-2 Types of Machine Foundations
17-3 General requirements of Machine Foundations
17-3-1 Dimensional Criteria
17-3-2 Permissible Amplitudes
17-3-3 Resonance
17-4 Design Parameters
17-4-1 Geometric Properties of Machine Foundations1
17-5 Physical Properties of Elastic Base – Soil below Foundation
17-6 Expression for Spring Stiffness of Elastic Supports
17-6-1 Soils and Elastic Pads
17-6-2 Steel Springs Couzens’ Table for Weight of Foundations
17-8 Foundations for Impact Type Machines
17-8-1 Types of Foundations
17-8-2 Impact Factor
17-8-3 Fatigue Coefficient
17-8-4 Weights of Anvil and Foundation Block
17-8-5 Foundation as Two-Mass-Vibrator System
17-8-6 Thickness of Foundation Block
17-9 Block Type Machine Foundations
17-10 Single-Mass Spring System
17-10-1 Definitions and Symbols
17-10-2 Equation for Forced Vibrations
17-10-3 Effect of Soil Mass
17-11 Semi-Empirical Design of a Block Foundation as a SingleMass Spring System
17-12 Foundations for Reciprocating Machines
17-13 Foundations for Heavy Rotary Machines

17-14 Frequencies and Permissible Amplitudes (For Reciprocating
and Rotary Machines)
17-15 Foundations for High Speed Rotary Machines
17-15-1 Dynamic Analysis
17-15-2 Resonance, Amplitude and Combined Methods
17-16 Other Machines
17-16-1 Machine Tools
17-16-2 Fans and Blowers
17-16-3 Testing Machine with Pulsator
17-16-4 Looms
17-17 Constructional Aspects / Construction Considerations
17-18 Vibration Isolation
17-18-1 Methods of Isolation
17-18-2 Properties of Isolating Materials
17-18-3 Methods of Laying Spring Absorbers
17-18-4 Vibration Isolators or Anti
Vibration Mountings

Chapter 18 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE – AN INTRODUCTION

18-1 Introduction
18-2 Basic / General Principles
18-2-1 Classification and Types of Prestressed Concrete Structures
18-2-2 Stages of Loadings
18-3 Pre-Tensioning
18-3-1 Sequence of Operations – Pre-Tensioning
18-3-2 Appurtenances – Pre-Tensioning
18-4 Post-Tensioning
18-4-1 Sequence of Operations – Post-Tensioning
18-4-2 Appurtenances – Post-Tensioning
18-5 Pre-Tensioning and Post-Tensioning
18-5-1 Systems of Prestressing
18-5-1-1 Freyssinet System
18-5-1-2 Magnel Blaton System
18-5-1-3 Gifford Udall System
18-5-1-4 Lee McCall System
18-5-1-5 Popular Systems of Prestressing
18-5-1-6 Other Methods of Prestressing
18-5-2 Shapes of Concrete Sections
18-5-3 Merits and Demerits of Pre-Tensioning and Post-Tensioning
18-6 High Strength Materials for Prestressed Concrete
18-7 Bond of Prestressing Tendons
18-7-1 Transfer Bond Stress
18-7-2 Flexural Bond Stress
18-8 Losses in Prestress
18-8-1 Losses due to Friction
18-8-2 Anchorage Loss (or Loss due to Slip at Anchorage)
18-8-3 Loss due to Elastic Shortening of Concrete
18-8-4 Loss due to Creep of Concrete
18-8-5 Loss due to Shrinkage of Concrete
18-8-6 Loss due to Relaxation of Steel
18-8-7 Loss due to Creep in Steel
18-8-8 Total Losses of Prestress
18-9 Special Features / Problems
18-9-1 Fire Resistance
18-9-1-1 Conductivity
18-9-1-2 Strength
18-9-1-3 Sensitivity of High Tensile Steel
18-9-1-4 Low Temperature Effect
18-9-2 Fatigue Strength
18-9-3 Impact Resistance
18-9-4 Corrosion Resistance
18-10 Comparison – Prestressed Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

Chapter 19 DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON CONCRETE

19-1 General
19-2 Exposure to Soft Water
19-3 Exposure to Sulphates