Content
1 : INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING
PART I : ELEMENTS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
2 : ENGINEERING MATERIALS
3 : ORGANIC MATERIALS 8 : TILES
4 : TIMBER 9 : REFRACTORIES
5 : CERAMICS 10 : CEMENT
6 : ROCKS AND STONES 11 : CONCRETE
7 : BRICKS 12 : GLASS
13 : PAINTS, VARNISHES AND DISTEMPERS
PART II : ELEMENTS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
14 : BUILDINGS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATIONS
15 : FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING
16 : PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING OF A BUILDING
17 : BRICK MASONRY
18 : FLOORS AND FLOORINGS
19 : DOORS AND WINDOWS
20 : STAIRS
21 : ROOFS
22 : LOADS ON A STRUCTURE
23 : FOUNDATIONS
24 : EARTHQUAKE AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES
PART III : ELEMENTS OF SURVEYING AND LEVELLING
25 : BASICS OF SURVEYING
26 : TOOLS OF SURVEYING
27 : SCALES
28 : CHAINING AND RANGING
29 : LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
30 : COMPASS SURVEYING
31 : LEVELLING
32 : CONTOURING
33 : AREA AND VOLUME
34 : THEODOLITE
35 : RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN SURVEYING
PART IV : ELEMENTS OF TRANSFORMATION
ENGINEERING
36 : TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
37 : DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN INDIA
38 : HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
39 : TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
40 : RAILWAY ENGINEERING
41 : BRIDGES
42 : TUNNELS
PART V : ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
43 : BASICS OF ENVIRONMENT
44 : OUR RESOURCES
45 : GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
APPENDIX A TO APPENDIX C
INDEX
Details Content
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING
1-1. Introduction
1-2. Engineering and its various branches
1-3. Modern engineering trends
1-4. Civil engineering and its branches
1-5. Civil engineering and basic human needs
1-6. Role of a civil engineer
1-7. Necessity and role of Indian Standards (I.S.) in civil engineering
Questions I
PART ONE : ELEMENTS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Chapter 2 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
2-2. Classification of engineering materials
2-3. Properties of engineering materials
2-3-1. Mechanical properties
2-3-2. Thermal properties
2-3-3. Electrical properties
2-3-4. Magnetic properties
2-3-5. Chemical properties
2-3-6. Optical properties
2-3-7. Physical properties
2-3-8. Technological properties
Selection of materials
Questions II
Chapter 3 ORGANIC MATERIALS
3-1. Introduction
3-2. Monomers and polymers
3-3. Structure of polymers
3-4. Synthesis of polymers
3-5. Additives in polymers
3-6. Strengthening mechanism of polymers
3-7. Plastics
3-7-1. History of plastics
3-7-2. General properties of plastics
3-7-3. Types of plastics
3-7-4. Important types of plastics
3-7-5. Uses of plastics
3-7-6. Manufacturing plastic products
3-7-7. Plastics and the environment
3-8. Elastomers (rubber)
3-8-1. Types of rubber
3-8-2. Vulcanization of rubber
3-8-3. Modern manufacturing processes of natural rubber articles
3-8-4. Uses of rubber
Questions III
Chapter 4 TIMBER
4-1. Introduction
4-2. Timber as a constructional material
4-3. Classification of trees
4-4. Soft wood and hard wood
4-5. Properties of a good timber
4-6. Processing of timber
4-7. Market forms of timber
4-8. Industrial timber
4-9. Indian timber
Questions VI
Chapter 5 CERAMICS
5-1. Introduction
5-2. Ceramics and silicates
5-3. Silicate structures
5-4. Classification of ceramic material
5-5. Properties of ceramic materials
5-6. Applications of ceramics
Questions V
Chapter 6 ROCKS AND STONES
6-1. Introduction
6-2. Classification of rocks
6-2-1. Geological classification of rocks
6-2-2. Physical classification of rocks
6-2-3. Chemical classification of rocks
6-3. Requirements of a good building stone
6-4. Quarry and quarrying
Questions VI
Chapter 7 BRICKS
7-1. Introduction
7-2. Composition of brick earth
7-3. Harmful ingredients of brick earth
7-4. Manufacture of bricks
7-5. Properties of good bricks
7-6. Classification of bricks
7-7. Tests for bricks
Questions VII
Chapter 8 TILES
8-1. Introduction
8-2. Ingredients of tiles
8-3. Manufacturing process of tiles
8-4. Uses of tiles
8-5. Characteristics of a good tile
Questions VIII
Chapter 9 REFRACTORIES
9-1. Introduction
9-2. Desirable properties of refractories
9-3. Classification of refractories
9-4. Manufacture of refractories
9-5. Uses of refractories
9-6. High temperature refractory materials
Questions IX
Chapter 10 CEMENT
10-1. Introduction
10-2. Chemical composition of ordinary cement
10-3. Cement compounds
10-4. Manufacture of cement
10-5. Production of cement
10-6. Testing of cement
10-7. Types of cement
Questions X
Chapter 11 CONCRETE
11-1. Introduction
11-2. Ingredients of concrete
11-3. Reinforced cement concrete
11-4. Prestressed cement concrete
11-5. Requirements of a good concrete
11-6. Water-cement ratio
11-7. Workability
11-8. Curing
11-9. Grades of concrete
11-10. Concrete as a construction material
Questions XI
Chapter 12 GLASS
12-1. Introduction
12-2. Composition of glass
12-3. Classification of glass
12-4. Properties of glass
12-5. Manufacture of glass
12-6. Types of commercial glass
12-7. Special types of glasses
Questions XII
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Chapter 13 PAINTS, VARNISHES AND DISTEMPERS
13-1. Introduction
13-2. Paints
13-3. Varnishes
13-4. Distempers
Questions XIII
PART TWO : ELEMENTS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Chapter 14 BUILDINGS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATIONS
14-1. Introduction to buildings
14-2. Classification of buildings according to national building
code (NBC)
14-3. Urban buildings
14-4. Rural buildings
14-5. Load bearing structures
14-6. Framed structures
14-7. Composite structures
14-8. Comparison of load bearing structures and framed structures
Questions XIV
Chapter 15 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING
15-1. Introduction
15-2. Basic requirements of a building
15-3. Components of a building with their basic requirements
15-4. Requirements of various buildings
15-4-1. Requirements of a residential building
15-4-2. Requirements of a hostel
15-4-3. Requirements of a hotel
15-4-4. Requirements of a school
15-4-5. Requirement of a library
15-4-6. Requirements of a shopping centre
15-4-7. Requirements of an industrial building
15-4-8. Requirements of banks
Questions XV
Chapter 16 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING OF A BUILDING
16-1. Introduction
16-2. Principles of planning
16-3. Practical considerations
16-4. Orientation criteria under Indian conditions
16-5. Optimum orientation of buildings
16-6. Vaastu Shilpa shaastra
16-6-1. Principles of site selection according to vaastu shaastra
16-6-2. Principles of planning according to vaastu shaastra
Questions XVI
Chapter 17 BRICK MASONRY
17-1. Introduction
17-2. Fundamentals of brick masonry
17-3. Necessity of a proper bond
17-4. Principles of a good bond in brick work
17-5. General principles for brick masonry
17-6. Bonds in brick work
17-6-1. Stretcher bond
17-6-2. Header bond
17-6-3. English bond
17-6-4. Flemish bond
17-6-5. Garden wall bond
17-6-6. Raking bond
17-6-7. Dutch bond
17-6-8. English cross bond
17-6-9. Facing bond
Questions XVII
Chapter 18 FLOORS AND FLOORINGS
18-1. Introduction
18-2. Fundamentals of flooring
18-3. Factors affecting the choice of flooring materials
18-4. Construction of ground floors
18-5. Construction of upper floors
Questions XVIII
Chapter 19 DOORS AND WINDOWS
19-1. Introduction
19-2. Location of doors and windows
19-3. Technical terms
19-4. Types of doors
19-5. Types of windows
Questions XIX
Chapter 20 STAIRS
20-1. Introduction
20-2. Technical terms used in stairs
20-3. Requirements of a good staircase
20-4. Types of stairs
Questions XX
Chapter 21 ROOFS
21-1. Introduction
21-2. Requirements of a good roof
21-3. Fundamentals of roofs
21-4. Classification of roofs
21-5. Roof coverings for pitched roofs
Questions XXI
Chapter 22 LOADS ON A STRUCTURE
22-1. Introduction
22-2. Types of loads
Questions XXII
Chapter 23 FOUNDATIONS
23-1. Introduction
23-2. Functions of foundation
23-3. Requirements of a good foundation
23-4. Types of foundations
23-5. Shallow foundations
23-6. Dimension detailing of shallow foundations
23-7. Deep foundations
23-8. Necessity of deep foundations / pile foundations
23-9. Different types of deep foundations
23-10. Machine foundation
23-11. Causes of failure of foundations
Questions XXIII
Chapter 24 EARTHQUAKE AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES
24-1. Introduction
24-2. Fundamentals of an earthquake
24-3. Classification of an earthquake
24-4. Causes of earthquakes
24-5. Effects of an earthquake
24-6. Predicting earthquakes
24-7. Earthquake statistics
24-8. Seismic map of India
24-9. Earthquake resistant structures
24-10. General design principles of earthquake resistant structures
24-11. Earthquake: Do’s and Don’ts
Questions XXIV
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PART THREE : ELEMENTS OF SURVEYING AND LEVELLING
Chapter 25 BASICS OF SURVEYING
25-1. Introduction
25-2. Primary divisions of surveying
25-2-1. Plane surveying
25-2-2. Geodetic surveying
25-3. Classification of surveying
25-4. Principles of surveying
Questions XXV
Chapter 26 TOOLS OF SURVEYING
26-1. Introduction
26-2. Various instruments of surveying
Questions XXVI
Chapter 27 SCALES
27-1. Introduction
27-2. Different types of scales
Questions XXVII
Chapter 28 CHAINING AND RANGING
28-1. Introduction
28-2. Fundamentals of chain surveying
28-3. Selection of survey stations
28-4. Instruments required in a chain survey
28-5. Procedure for carrying out chain survey
28-6. Entering data in a field-book
28-7. Ranging
28-8. Different types of ranging
Questions XXVIII
Chapter 29 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
29-1. Introduction
29-2. Methods of linear measurements
29-3. Chaining on a plain ground
29-4. Chaining on a slopping ground
29-5. Obstacles in linear measurement
29-6. Numericals: Related to obstacles in chaining and ranging
29-7. Errors in linear measurement
29-7-1. Sources of errors
29-7-2. Nature of errors
29-7-3. Various types of errors
29-7-4. Summary of corrections
29-7-5. Testing and adjusting the chain
29-8. Numericals: Related to errors in linear measurement
Questions XXIX
Chapter 30 COMPASS SURVEYING
30-1. Introduction
30-2. Fundamentals of compass surveying
30-3. Traverse
30-4. Meridians
30-5. Bearing
30-6. Methods of designating the bearings
30-7. Fore bearing and back bearing
30-8. Calculation of included angles from bearings
30-9. Magnetic compass
30-9-1. Temporary adjustments of a compass
30-10. Magnetic declination
30-10-1.Determination of true bearing from magnetic declination
30-10-2.Variation of the magnetic declination
30-11. Local attraction
30-12. Chain and compass survey
30-12-1.Plotting of a compass survey
30-12-2.Closing error
30-13. Steps to solve the closed traverse in compass surveying
30-14. Typical problems on compass surveying
30-15. Steps to solve an open traverse in compass surveying
30-16. Few important comparisons
Questions XXX
Chapter 31 LEVELLING
31-1. Introduction
31-2. Fundamentals of levelling
31-3. Instruments used for levelling
31-3-1. Level
31-3-2. Levelling staff
31-4. Benchmarks
31-5. Classification of levelling
31-5-1. Direct levelling
31-5-2. Indirect levelling
31-6. Temporary adjustments of a dumpy level
31-7. Calculation of reduced level
31-8. Typical problems
Questions XXXI
Chapter 32 CONTOURING
32-1. Introduction
32-2. Fundamentals of contouring
32-3. Factors affecting the Contour Interval
32-4. Methods of location of contour
32-4-1. Direct method
32-4-2. Indirect methods
32-5. Contour of natural features
32-6. Characteristics of contours
32-7. Uses of contour maps
Questions XXXII
Chapter 33 AREA AND VOLUME
33-1. Introduction
33-2. Methods of area computation
33-3. Planimeter
33-3-1. Parts of an amsler polar planimeter
33-3-2. Working of a planimeter
33-3-3. Zero circle
33-3-4. Computation of area of zero circle
33-3-5. Determination of multiplying constant M
33-4. Methods of volume computation
33-5. Estimation of reservoir capacity
33-6. Summary of the formulae
Questions XXXIII
Chapter 34 THEODOLITE
34-1. Introduction
34-2. Types of theodolite
34-3. Essential parts of a theodolite
34-4. Fundamentals of a theodolite
34-5. Temporary adjustments of theodolite
34-6. Angular measurements by a theodolite
Questions XXXIV
Chapter 35 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN SURVEYING
35-1. Introduction
35-2. Necessity of electronic distance meter
35-3. Electronic Distance Meter (E.D.M.)
35-4. Remote sensing
35-4-1. Working principle of remote sensing
35-4-2. Applications of remote sensing
Questions XXXV
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PART FOUR : ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
Chapter 36 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
36-1. Introduction
36-2. Role and importance of transporta-tion in national development
36-3. Comparison of different modes of transportation
36-4. Different modes of transportation
36-4-1. Airways
36-4-2. Waterways
36-4-3. Railways
36-4-4. Roadways/highways
Questions XXXVI
Chapter 37 DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN INDIA
37-1. Introduction
37-2. Major road development plans
37-3. Classification of roads
37-4. Minor classification of roads
Questions XXXVII
Chapter 38 HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
38-1. Introduction
38-2. Highway materials
38-3. Highway pavements
38-4. Functions of pavement components
38-5. Cross-sectional elements of highway
38-6. Low cost roads
38-6-1. Different types of low cost roads
Questions XXXVIII
Chapter 39 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
39-1. Introduction
39-2. Objectives of traffic engineering
39-3. Traffic surveys
39-4. Traffic control devices
Questions XXXIX
Chapter 40 RAILWAY ENGINEERING
40-1. Introduction
40-2. Comparison of railways and roadways
40-3. Classification of Indian railways
40-4. Classification of Indian railways based on Speed Criterion
40-5. Railway track/permanent way
40-6. Parts of a railway track/permanent way
Questions XL
Chapter 41 BRIDGES
41-1. Introduction
41-2. Components of a bridge
41-3. Types of bridges
41-4. Bridge planning and construction
Questions XLI
Chapter 42 TUNNELS
42-1. Introduction
42-2. Different types of tunnels
42-3. Modern tunnelling methods
42-4. Hazards of tunnel construction
42-5. Famous tunnels of the world
Questions XLII
PART FIVE : ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Chapter 43 BASICS OF ENVIRONMENT
43-1. Introduction
43-2. Fundamentals of environment
43-3. Components of environment
43-4. Biodiversity
43-5. Ecosystem and its components
43-6. Ecosystem and its various types
43-7. Ecological pyramids
43-8. Biomagnification
43-9. The biosphere and its functioning
43-10. Role of various species in an ecosystem
43-11. Ecological balance
43.12. Role of forests in maintaining the ecological balance
Questions XLIII
Chapter 44 OUR RESOURCES
44-1. Introduction
44-2. Various types of resources
44-3. Energy sources
44-3-1. Conventional energy sources
44-3-2. Non-conventional energy sources
Questions XLIV
Chapter 45 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
45-1. Introduction
45-2. Pollution and pollutants
45-3. Various types of pollutions
45-3-1. Air pollution
45-3-2. Water pollution
45-3-3. Noise pollution
45-3-4. Land pollution
45-3-5. Thermal pollution
45-3-6. Population pollution
45-4. Human interference in the ecological balance
45-5. Global environmental problems
45-5-1. Ozone depletion
45-5-2. Green house effect
45-5-3. Acid rain
45-6. Individual’s role in curbing the environmental problems
Questions XLV
Appendix A To Appendix C
Appendix ASIGNS AND SYMBOLS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
DRAWINGS
A-1 Signs and symbols for civil engineering drawings
(as per I.S.: 962-1967)
Table A-1 Symbols for various materials (in section)
Table A-2 Types of lines and their uses
Table A-3 Symbols for windows
Table A-4 Symbols for doors
Table A-5 Symbols for electrical installations
Table A-6 Symbols for sanitary installations
Table A-7 Symbols for fitments
Table A-8 Symbols for land surveying
Table A-9 Specimens of north direction
Appendix BGLOSSARY
Appendix CCONVERSION FACTORS IN MEASUREMENTS
Table C-1 Length
Table C-2 Area
Table C-3 Volume
Table C-4 Weight
Index
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